Washington — As a new study shows sharp reductions from previous estimates of how much carbon dioxide was emitted into Earth's atmosphere from tropical deforestation in the early 2000s, the U.S. government is working with an industry group to reduce deforestation by promoting sustainable supply chains.
Research scientist Sassan Saatchi of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, participated in the new study, published June 21 in the journal Science. The team, led by researchers from Winrock International, an environmental nonprofit organization in Little Rock, Arkansas, also included scientists from Applied GeoSolutions, Durham, New Hampshire, and the University of Maryland, College Park.
The researchers combined satellite data on gross forest loss and forest carbon stocks to track emissions from deforestation in the world's tropical forests. The resulting gross emissions estimate of 0.81 billion metric tons of carbon emitted per year is approximately one-third of previously published estimates and represents just 10 percent of the total global human-produced carbon emissions over the time period analyzed (2000–2005).
Two countries — Brazil and Indonesia —- produced the highest emissions during the study period, accounting for 55 percent of total emissions from tropical deforestation. Nearly 40 percent of all forest loss in the study region was concentrated in the dry tropics, but accounted for only 17 percent of total carbon emissions, reflecting their relatively low carbon stocks in comparison to those found in tropical moist forests.
The Winrock research is the first study of global carbon emissions from tropical deforestation to use satellite data, rather than tabular bookkeeping models, to account for carbon. This approach allows for a much more refined analysis and yields results that will serve as a better benchmark for monitoring global progress on reducing emissions in the future, NASA said on its website. Individual emissions numbers were calculated for each country, along with a statistical uncertainty range.
"These detailed emissions estimates would not have been possible without the NASA satellites that helped us quantify forest cover change and forest carbon stocks, which are the two critical data sources for this work," said Saatchi. Data from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on NASA's Terra satellite; NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat); NASA's Quick Scatterometer (QuikScat) satellite; and the joint NASA/U.S. Geological Survey Landsat program were used to produce the estimate.
The team hopes the policy mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that proposes to compensate developing countries for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) will benefit from a more accurate benchmark of emissions from deforestation, NASA said.
"The relative contribution of deforestation to total greenhouse gas emissions will likely continue to decline through time as emissions from other sectors rise, but the loss of millions of hectares of forest per year remains considerable," said Alexander Lotsch of the World Bank, which funded the study. "Effectively reducing forest-related emissions through international efforts that also promote biodiversity conservation, forest livelihoods and help maintain essential forest functions such as water regulation, is an essential measure to avoid serious climate change impacts and to ensure low carbon sustainable development in the developing world."
The team plans to update its work for the period from 2006 to 2010 to assess whether carbon emissions increased or decreased in the second half of the 2000s, NASA said.
SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHANGES
The U.S. government and the companies of an industry group, the Consumer Goods Forum, are working to support the forum’s goal of “zero net deforestation by 2020” (that is, to maintain net quantity, quality and carbon density of forests) affected by their commodity supply chains by the following means:
• Improving commodity yields and production efficiencies while conserving forests and ecosystems in critical partner countries.
• Monitoring deforestation and forest health to measure progress.
•Creating market signals through procurement and investment and lending programs as incentives for sustainable production, and the promotion of sustainable food production and conservation of forests.
• Improving governance and enforcement in partner countries as related, for example, to land use planning and forest conservation.
A notice on the website of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) said the U.S. government will work with the Consumer Goods Forum and others to bring together key leaders and involved entities to find opportunities for enhanced collaboration and to build new and innovative partnerships to reduce deforestation in supply chains. The U.S. government, USAID said, will also conduct private sector outreach for this partnership and leverage existing initiatives such as Accelerating Market-Driven Partnerships (AMP) to follow through on new opportunities for collaboration identified through the partnership dialogue.
Additionally, the U.S. government and the Consumer Goods Forum will host a meeting in the fall of 2012 with developing and developed country governments, additional private sector partners and civil society leadership to identify joint policy recommendations to reduce deforestation in supply chains.
The Consumer Goods Forum is a global industry network that brings together the chief operating officers and senior management of more than 650 retailers, manufacturers, service providers and others from 70 countries and reflects the diversity of the industry in geography, size, product category and format, the group says on its website.